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Comparing ETF index funds to mutual funds

 
Friday, February 24th, 2012 | Vance Harwood
 

Advantages of ETF index funds over mutual funds index funds:

  • Management  fees are usually lower.  For example for inflation protected bonds the Schwab mutual fund SWRSX has a .5% expense ratio and the iShares Barclay equivalent TIP has an expense ratio of .2%.
  • Instead of trades executing at the end of the day they can be bought or sold at any time the market is open (including pre and after market trading)
  • No penalties for selling or restrictions on timing/ durations of round trips
  • Low or no commissions – Schwab has their own commission free funds and Fidelity offers some commission free ETFs also.  These ETFs enable people to dollar-cost-average by buying relatively small amounts every month without getting eaten up by commissions.
  • Many can be sold short (in standard taxable accounts)
  • Options are available on the mainstream ETFs  (opens up protective put, covered call strategies)
  • Standard tools (e.g., charts) work better with ETFs vs Mutual funds.  ETF quotes are updated in real-time during trading hours, vs once per day updates on mutual funds.
  • Inverse index funds exist as ETFs – for specific indexes they move in the opposite direction as the index on a daily percentage basis (e.g., SDS is double inverse of the S&P 500).  For popular indexes these are available in single, double, and triple multipliers.   They can be bought/sold in tax protected accounts (IRAs) – so you can go short the indexes if you want to.
  • Some indexes (e.g., VIX) have no mutual fund coverage  — VXX/VXV  are the available ETFs that are related to the VIX S&P 500 volatility index.

Disadvantages of ETF index funds

  • They have a bid/ask spread, although for popular ETFs during regular market hours this is usually only $.01

Betting that the rally will last the week

 
Tuesday, April 13th, 2010 | Vance Harwood
 

Did covered calls on SPY,  buying SPY at 119.70,  selling to open April 119 Calls at 1.11.   Net investment/ breakeven is 118.59.   Ended up doing sequential market orders because combo order execution was not working well at Schwab.  Has the feel that actual humans are involved in the process–not a good thing with a moving market.

Understanding covered calls—an analogy

 
Wednesday, April 14th, 2010 | Vance Harwood
 

I know that analogies usually confuse more than they help—but that’s not going to stop me from trying…

Imagine that you are the season ticket holder of 4 good seats for a major league football team at the beginning of the season. A lot of people think the team is headed for the Superbowl, but you are pessimistic. You’d like to cash in on the current hype and get some money now for the last home game of the season. On craigslist you offer to sell the rights to this game. Your offer doesn’t force the buyer to buy the tickets, but gives the buyer the right to buy the tickets from you at face value any time before the game.

If your team is undefeated 4 games into the season the value of your offer will go up. If the last game of the season determines whether the team goes to the playoffs or not your offer could become quite valuable–essentially the difference between what the scalpers are charging for comparable tickets and the face price of the tickets.

On the other hand, if your team is near elimination from the playoffs halfway through the season your offer will be almost worthless—who would pay money for the right to buy tickets at face value that will probably be cheap on the street? If the last game of the season ends up being a meaningless contest between two loser teams you will probably have to sell your tickets at a discount if you don’t want to go yourself.

Your offer on Craig’s list has similar characteristics to selling stock options on stock you own—a covered call. You give up the upside on an asset you own in exchange for money upfront. No laws of nature have been broken—relax…

Will the rally last?

 
Monday, April 12th, 2010 | Vance Harwood
 

Did a covered call on SPY using a combo order.   Bought SPY at 119.83, sold-to-open  April 120 calls at $0.70 for a net investment of 119.13.

Capturing dividends with covered calls—are you ready?

 
Saturday, September 24th, 2011 | Vance Harwood
 

In a recent post I gave an overview of dividend capture strategies.

In some situations an effective way to hedge risk with a dividend capture strategy is to use covered call options.  If you are not familiar with options this might sound exotic, but it’s truly the training wheels of option trading.  With covered calls you can introduce yourself to the conservative, hedging possibilities of options while increasing your odds of making modest amounts of money.   Before getting into the details,  please review the checklist below, to see if you are ready / able to do this:

  • Do you have enough capital?
    • This strategy requires you to buy hundreds of shares of stock to make it worth your trouble, do you have the money?
    • You can use margin to buy the stock, but that will increase your costs.
  • Will you be content with a small gain?
    • This strategy is generally not effective with stocks with large dividends (e.g. 4% or higher).  It works better with stocks that offer annualized dividends in the 2% to 3% range
    • On the good news side, you generally get the small gain with less than 10 business days of investment
  • Does the stock/ETF you want to capture the dividend on have a active option market?
    • If the options are thinly traded, or if appropriate strike prices are not available this strategy does not work
  • Are you set up for at least the first level (simplest level) of options trading in your brokerage account?
    • If your account is not an IRA then you will need to have a margin account.  Don’t worry, there are no interest charges or chance of a margin call with this strategy (assuming you don’t buy the stock on margin)
    • This first level of option authorization usually allows covered calls and simple purchases / sales of puts and calls
    • Typically you can do these sorts of trades in a Roth / Traditional IRA — however you do need to apply for that capability if you don’t have it already
  • Are you willing to learn about combo orders? These are orders that simultaneously fill your stock and options orders at a not-to-exceed price
    • These orders are prudent to use in fast moving markets, and when bid/ask prices are widely separated
    • Combo orders are not necessary if bid/ask spreads are small and if you are willing to do fast sequential market orders

Extra Credit

  • Can you make your investment in an IRA account?
    • If so, this dividend strategy is more attractive, because you can defer taxes on any gains

Pass the test?  In this post I’ll give some screening criteria for good positions and the basic setup of this dividend capture strategy.

Dividend Capture Strategies

 
Sunday, December 12th, 2010 | Vance Harwood
 

In trying to capture dividends there is no free lunch. In fact, since Wall street is involved, the best you can hope for is an affordable lunch. I have looked at, and tried quite a few approaches—most of which don’t work, but I have found one approach that does work with some ETFs. Ironically you don’t actually collect the dividend most of the time, but you can collect an amount similar to the dividend-with a reasonable amount of risk.

Anyone with money can capture a dividend—you buy the stock (or ETF) before the ex-dividend date and hold it until the ex-dividend date. The challenge is to close out your position with a profit that is worth the risk. Typically the stock will drop by about the dividend amount when it starts trading on the ex-dividend day, but if the stock has a generally up day your overall profit can be better than the dividend. You lose money if the stock drops by more than the dividend amount (ignoring commissions)—and if the market goes bad you can lose many months worth of dividends in a hurry.

There are two ways to deal with this kind of risk, you can try to predict the future, or you can hedge. If you are any good at predicting the future then you don’t need to be messing around with dividends, you should just be buying and selling based on your predictions. With hedging you try to reduce, or better yet eliminate your risk by also investing in something that moves in the opposite direction of the stock so that the price movements cancel out. Some high quality hedges for a stock or ETF:

  1. Sell the stock short
  2. Sell a stock short that very closely tracks the stock you own (e.g., IVV for SPY)
  3. Buy an ETF that has an inverse relationship to your stock  (this can be done in IRAs, they don’t allow shorting)

 

Hedges that can reduce your risk, but only provide medium protection include:

  1. Shorting the general market or industry sector that your stock is in
  2. Buying inverse ETFs for the general market or industry sector
  3. Use stock options with strike prices close to the current market price
  4. Use stock futures (sell futures)

 

The folks on Wall Street aren’t about to let you get away with any sort of risk free profit, even if it is only a few tenths of a percent.   The high quality hedges above don’t work at all (see here) for dividend capture.   The medium level hedges don’t eliminate the downside risk and introduce the possibility that an upside move by your stock might be more than wiped out by an even stronger downside move by your hedge.

 

I have used one approach that offers a reasonable payoff, with reasonable risk—using deep-in-the-money stock option calls to capture the dividend amount.   More about this in this post.

Betting on the bear

 
Thursday, April 1st, 2010 | Vance Harwood
 

I put a bear spread into place on SPY,  selling  April 100 calls at 8.10 and buying April 108 calls at 1.30 — net credit of 6.80.   Worst case loss is 1.2 per call pair, best case profit is 6.8 per call pair.