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Based on searches that lead people to Six Figure Investing, these are the top 10 questions people ask about dividends:

1. When is XYZ’s ex-dividend date? This information can be hard  to find.  Some companies provide the entire year’s dates on their webside (e.g., iShares),  others like Vanguard only reveal the information a few days before the ex-dividend occurs.  I have summarized / estimated ex-dividend dates for many of the popular ETFs here.
2. When is XYZ’s distribution or pay date? Same as question #1, this information can be hard to find.  I summarize pay dates along with ex-dividend dates for many ETFs here.
3. When do I have to buy a security in order to receive the dividend? The day before it goes ex-dividend or earlier.
4. When can I sell a security and still receive the dividend? On the ex-dividend date or later.  You can safely ignore the record date.  See here for a detailed explanation of how this works.
5. What happens to a security’s price when it goes ex-dividend? It will typically drop by the amount of the dividend—assuming the market is opening flat.   If the market is strongly up or down at opening the price will be influenced by this.
6. What if I’m short the security when it goes ex-dividend? You owe the dividend.  It will be subtracted from your brokerage account on the distribution date.  You borrowed the stock, you are responsible for paying the owner of the security the dividend.
7. Do I get a dividend if I own a call or put option on the security? No, with an option you don’t actually own the security, you only have the right to buy or sell it, so you don’t get a dividend.  However, the prices of options are influenced by dividends, for example the bid price on deep in the money calls will decrease to compensate for an upcoming dividend.
8. What happens if I’m short put or call options on a security when it goes ex-dividend? If you don’t own any of the underlying security, then nothing direct happens.  Again the option prices are influenced by the security’s dividend, but there is no direct dividend received, or owed.
9. What if I have a covered call position with a security when it goes ex-dividend?It depends on how much premium is present on the option price when the security goes ex-dividend.
   • If your calls are deep in the money, with premiums significantly less than the dividend amount, then your options will probably be assigned—and you will wake up on ex-dividend day with your position converted to cash—minus your security and your short options.  No dividend for you.
   • If your options are out of the money by more than the dividend amount nothing will happen to your calls and you will collect the dividend.
   • If your calls are between these two limits then it depends on the prices at the end of the day before the ex-dividend date.  My experience is that if the premium of your calls is 50% or less than the dividend amount, your calls will probably will assigned.
10. Are there any dividend capture schemes that  isolate you from market risk? The short answer for retail customers is no.  Wall Street excels at  preventing anyone from getting a free lunch.   You can use a covered call position to move away from the zero-sum situation on ex-dividend day of having a dividend, plus a security that has just dropped by the value of the dividend, but you are still exposed to significant market risk.  See this post for more on dividend capture schemes.