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Volatility contango—from the beginning

Monday, November 7th, 2011

Bill Luby, of VIX and more, recently pointed out that the 1st / 2nd month volatility futures had recently set a record (now 70 days) for continuous time spent in backwardation—where the value of the 1st month is higher than the 2nd month.   Not just a trivia question, this condition has been feathering the pockets of those holding volatility ETNs like VXX / TVIX, and picking the pockets of  those holding inverse volatility ETNs like XIV and SVXY.   Is this backwardation record a harbinger of structural changes in volatility futures, or is it just the normal response to a market correction?

Just visualizing the history of contango, starting when volatility futures started trading in March of 2004  is not an easy task.  It has two dimensions of time: the term structure of the volatility futures on a given date, and the variation of that term structure over time.  Obtaining the raw data itself is not trivial.  The CBOE provides volatilty futures data back to March 2004 on their web site, but it is in the form of 95 (!) different spreadsheets, and it is incomplete because not all months traded for the first several years.  To get a full data set back to 2004 required a considerable amount of interpolation / extrapolation.  If you are interested in obtaining the spreadsheet that consolidates all this data see this post.

The graphs below focus on the front two months of volatility futures.  The first covers from 2004 to the present.  I have quantified the contango as the percentage difference between the 1st and 2nd month, with the 1st month being the reference.  Negative values indicate a contango state, positive indicates backwardation.

VIX and 1-2 month volatility futures compared, with contango, click to enlarge

A couple things jumped out at me when I saw this graph. First of all, at a 10,000 meter level, first month volatilty futures do a good job of tracking the VIX index.  Certainly they don’t track well during the most volatile periods of VIX, but during the quiet times they are within a few points.  Second, the other than few days in Dec 2008/Jan 2009 the 1st and 2nd month futures were in contango for a long time (128 days) during the 2008/2009 bear market.   Not surprisingly, the graph shows that most of the time, volatility futures are in contango

This next graph zooms in on our current situation, starting in July 2011.

Fall 2011 Contango, click to enlarge

In the Fall 2011 correction the futures lagged the VIX, but more recently have caught up.  The  2nd month futures usually lag both the 1st month futures and VIX.

At least for 1st and 2nd month futures the term structure seems to be behaving like it did in the past.     Next I’ll look at the medium term ( 4 to 7 month) futures to see how they have behaved.

All the news in on Linkedin?

Monday, November 7th, 2011

Linkedin recently reported their 3rd quarter earnings, or rather losses.   The good news however was that their revenue growth surprised analysts on the upside, more than doubling from last year’s numbers.   LNKD was trading around $80 this morning, and the  November 19th $70 puts were at  1.0 bid / 1.2 asked.   The implied volatility on those puts was around 83, which seemed pretty high for a company that just reported its earnings, and the down-side risk, at least for company related news, seems low.

For an option with 12 days to run, this seemed like a reasonable bet to me.  I sold S70 puts at $1.1.  I offered at the mid price and the order filled immediately.

SPY 2005 vs 2011—big volatility differences, but similar prices

Tuesday, November 1st, 2011

The prices of SPY from this year and the same date 6 years ago continue their intertwining.  For the last two years, just using the old SPY chart has been a better predictor than any number of CNBC commentators—too bad I haven’t been able to convince myself to use this as my market strategy.

SPY six years ago and this year, click to enlarge

Today’s closing price of $122, was only $1.5 different from the $120.49 close on November 1st, 2006.

Volatility on the other hand is much higher this time around. The availability of volatility based products, starting with futures in 2004 certainly doesn’t appear to be dampening market volatility.

Selling puts on high dividend stocks

Thursday, October 20th, 2011

It’s tough right now to get returns above 1% a year right now without taking significant risks. For example ten year treasuries are running around 2% without much upside and a lot of downside.  Stocks paying dividends of 2% or more are common, but they will track a general downturn. Typically quality high dividend stocks won’t  decrease as much as other stocks in a downturn, but the losses can still be very significant. Individual stocks also carry company specific risks like lowering a guidance number, loss of a CEO or CFO, an analyst’s downgrade, etc.

High dividend paying stock ETFs are interesting because they offer relatively high yields (e.g., SDY, SPDR’s high dividend ETF is currently yielding around 3.5%) and have greatly reduced dependence on the ups and downs of individual companies.  I sold S44 Jan 2012 puts in my IRA at $0.95 for SDY when it was trading around $51.50.  If held to expiration this premium received would be the equivalent yield of around 1.85% per quarter.   Since these were sold in my IRA,  they required 100% cash reserve for the strike price value, or $4400 per put sold.

The risk of this approach is of course a market crash. It would take an additional 10% correction before the puts went in the money. If my puts were in-the-money at expiration I would probably let them be exercised and take the shares.  At that price the effective yield of SDY would be around 4%

The bid / ask spread when I made the trade was quoted as as 0.8 / 1.10. I put in a limit order at .95—the midpoint price—and it sold after a couple of minutes.

The evils of suppressing volatility

Wednesday, October 19th, 2011

Nassim Taleb crosses over into foreign affairs with The Black Swan of Cairo.  He takes the position that in political, as well as financial matters that attempting to eliminate volatility increases the likelihood that nasty Black Swan events will occur.

Market going sideways

Monday, October 10th, 2011

I sold a S122/S123 spread today with 14-Oct SPY calls this morning for a credit of 0.20. SPY was trading around $118.65 at the time.   $122 is about at the top of the trading range we’ve been in since August.

The put spread that was equidistant from market price, the S115/S114, was offering a significantly lower credit—0.14.   This is not surprising because of the typical volatility skew on OTM puts,  but from an overall risk standpoint of market dynamics this seems backwards.  Because of the “stairs up, elevator down” behavior of markets,  the  put credit spread seems like a higher risk than the call spread, and yet the return is lower.

Normally risk and return are well correlated.  Is selling OTM put vertical  spreads an especially poor investment, or do call spreads offer a better than average risk-return?

ProShares introduces competitors to VelocityShares’ XIV and TVIX

Wednesday, October 5th, 2011

ProShares is the only provider of ETFs as opposed to ETNs in volatilty exchange traded products.   So far the market hasn’t seen this as a huge advantage, but their VXX clone, VIXY has a respectable  500,000 share / day average volume.  Now ProShares is expanding their lineup, targeting the 2nd and 3rd most active volatility ETNs: VelocityShares‘ TVIX (2X short term) and XIV (-1X short term).

An initial look indicates UVXY (2X  long) and SVXY (inverse daily percentage long)  are essentially clones of  the equivalent VelocityShares offerings.  One difference is that I can’t find any mention of termination criteria in the prospectus, except for the generic, “we can terminate whenever we want” clause.   With a short daily percentage volatility fund it is not unreasonable to imagine a doubling on the long side  wiping out the short side.  My assumption is that ProShares would terminate SVXY rather than allow its NAV to go negative.

UVXY and SVXY prospectus

For a complete list of available volatilty ETFs and ETNs with links to associated indexes and information see Volatility Tickers.

Deathwatch for Barclays’ IVOP short volatility ETN

Tuesday, October 4th, 2011

It hasn’t been a good ride for Barclay’s IVOP.   It was introduced September 16th at $20, and now 19 days later it is trading at $11.4— a 43% drop.   Since IVOP is a effectively a short on volatility instead of tracking daily percentage moves like its competitors (e.g, VelocityShares’ XIV) it has a variable leverage behavior.   With VXX currently at 58.5 IVOP’s leverage is a heady 2.4X and it is  getting dangerously close to its $10 termination point.  It will only take a 6.5% move up on VXX to kill IVOP.

XXV, IVOP, XIV leverage vs VXX, click to enlarge

Six more Volatilty ETNs from UBS?

Saturday, October 1st, 2011

It appears that UBS is getting ready to introduce six more volatility ETNs—2X leveraged long funds to match their existing 1X long funds.  Their website is back to normal, but for a few days it was showing six new funds.  See below.  The fact sheets and prospectuses all pointed to XVIX, so I couldn’t get more details.

UBS preparing 2X long volatility ETNs, click to enlarge

Investing directly in the VIX Index—CVOL is close, TVIX outperforms

Thursday, September 29th, 2011

For a long time investors have been frustrated in their desire to directly invest in the VIX index.  Now two ETNs, one by design, and the other perhaps by accident are tracking (or out-performing) the VIX index on both a daily percentage move basis and for multi-day holding times.

UBS’ CVOL was designed to correlate well with the daily moves of VIX.   It uses 2X leverage on the 3/4 month rolling volatility futures, and then adds a variable short S&P 500 position to give the ETN some extra kick on down days to better match the VIX. CVOL didn’t use the 1/2 month rolling volatility futures because contango imposes a heavy penalty on them when the markets are quiet—the 3/4 month futures don’t suffer as much. CVOL hasn’t really caught on so far in the market place, its daily volume tends to run below 20,000 shares and its bid/ask spreads are usually in the $0.50 range. The graph below shows CVOL compared to the VIX index on a daily percentage move basis since July 1st, 2011.

Daily percentage moves of CVOL and the VIX index, click to enlarge

Historically the daily percentage moves of short term (1/2 month) volatility ETNs like VXX tend to be about 50% of the VIX index moves. Since VelocityShares’ TVIX is essentially a 2X leveraged version of VXX, you might expect it to track the VIX index—and it does a pretty good job except for the effects of contango/backwardation.

TVIX compared to VIX on a daily percentage move basis.

Daily percentage moves of TVIX and the VIX index, click to enlarge

While the daily percentage correlation is important, unless you’re day trading volatility (shudder) the more important attribute would be the results of holding these ETNs for a few days. In that case how well would they track to the VIX index? The chart below shows how $1000 invested in each of these starting July 1st,2011 would fare.

July 1, 2011 investment in VIX, TVIX, CVOL, VXX--click to enlarge

CVOL did the best in tracking the VIX index itself. VXX lagged, but eventually caught up due to the sustained period of backwardation for the 1/2 month rolling futures. TVIX on the other hand skyrocketed during this panicky time. A doubled benefit from backwardation was part of the gain, but the trend lines on the chart below suggests there are other factors.  I suspect the rest is from the compounding effects of 2X leverage.

TVIX, CVOL, and VXX, showing trendlines from July 1, 2011--click to enlarge

TVIX looks like the vehicle of choice if you want to bet on VIX’s moves during times of high volatility—it matches VIX’s daily moves well and greatly benefits from backwardation. On the other hand CVOL is probably the better choice when the markets are less fearful.